在体内呼吸模型中

Optimizing in vivo respiratory model studies

体内呼吸系统疾病模型对于鉴定治疗人类呼吸系统疾病的潜在药物是有价值的。常见的呼吸系统疾病包括肺纤维化或新兴新冠肺炎那where highly efficacious treatments are limited and where in vivo disease models can help to screen for potential new treatments.

在本文中,我们探索提示,以优化靶向呼吸系统疾病的药物体内疗效研究。

使用体内呼吸模型的综合方法

体内模型的成功需要在学科之间进行综合关系pathology,配方化学,生物分析toxicologybiomarker研究。您还需要对有意测试药物的呼吸模型进行吸入研究inhalation administration route.

通过共同努力,这些学科可以设计强大的研究设计和测试方案,以最大化每个体内实验的价值。

这种方法具有灵活性,可以在体内模型中调整和精炼,并包括新的临床相关的终点。

定义,定制研究不能遵循烹饪器设计;每项研究都需要合作专业知识。

拥抱多路复用,临床相关的终点

Validated in vivo models that allow for multiple, clinically relevant endpoints are the cornerstones of effective preclinical work because multiplexing maximizes the amount of information gained from fewer animals.

Where feasible, complex three-dimensional models of a living, breathing human lung are used for studies of efficacy and safety. However when that is not possible, in vivo studies are necessary to allow for translation of the science from bench to human. That said, the goal for in vivo studies is to follow the3RS核心原则的更换,减少和改进此外,我们拥抱在体内模型中验证的持续增强,以确定将更多临床相关的生物标志物和功能终点纳入研究设计。

This study design strategy includes testing the most临床相关阳性控制,同时包括额外的安全终点

多种药理和功能性endpoints, both invasive and non-invasive, can be incorporated into existing in vivo models as needed.

实例包括强制呼气量(FEV),强制生命能力(FVC)和峰值呼气流(PEF)的测量。

支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)是一种能够评估诸如总和差异细胞计数和炎症细胞因子的生物标志物的一种技术。

LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophilia is a common model for pulmonary inflammation. In the appropriate mouse model, inhalation of LPS in mice will produce a significant recruitment of neutrophils and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the BAL.

在下面所示的实施例中,几种抗炎化合物具有不同的作用机制,降低了中性粒细胞计数(图1)。5.

Figure 1. Effect of an oral PDE4 inhibitor, an oral steroid and two oral p38 MAP Kinases inhibitors on BAL neutrophilia and pro-inflammatory cytokines following LPS challenge in the mouse (Internal景观研究)

从肺纤维化模型中学习

肺纤维化是各种间质性肺病的伞长。临床特征包括通过瘢痕形成肺组织瘢痕形成的患者呼吸困难,咳嗽,限制性生理学和受损的气体交换。肺纤维化的几种原因包括

  • Occupational or medical exposure to substances such as asbestos or the antibiotic bleomycin
  • Possible genetic mutations – including surfactant genes SFTPC, SFTPA2 and telomerase genes TERT and TERC, which have been implicated in the development of familial interstitial pneumonia, a form of fibrosis
  • 创伤或急性肺损伤(ALI)导致纤维增殖症急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)
  • 特发性来源,称为特发性肺纤维化(IPF)。

The heterogeneous nature of lung fibrosis, its myriad causes and phenotypes and its increasing incidence worldwide has made it a priority area for research activity.

然而,通过临床试验过程,治疗这些条件的药物缓慢。目前两种药物为肺纤维化销售 -pirfenidone(esbriet™)nintedanib(ofev™,vargatef™)仅针对IPF表示,留下众多差距interstitial lung diseases1

在几个毒品候选人的研究活动超过10年后,这些持牌药物转到市场。由于疾病过程的异质性,一些用于肺纤维化的药物候选者未能授予许可,在体内模型中不适当,临床研究设计/终点和较差的药物候选人。

因此,新的重点是开发一个range of in vivo respiratory models of lung fibrosis使用不同的技术诱导疾病状态。这些包括楷模其中疾病是通过直接肺损伤或通过遗传改变引起的(参见下面的盒子2)。

每个模型都有自己的优势和缺点,而没有真正反映IPF的全部发病机制,而模型的多样性能够研究该疾病的具体方面。2

盒2.肺纤维化模型

诱导肺纤维化模型 肺纤维化的遗传模型
*石棉吸入
*二氧化硅
博莱霉素
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
直接形式的肺损伤,包括酸滴注,高氧和肺挫伤
辐射
年龄依赖性纤维化
细胞因子过表达:包括TGF-β,TGF-α,IL-13,TNF-α和IL-1β

Familial IPF models: rodent models with mutations in genes implicated in fibrosis:

>Surfactant protein–C (SFTPC)Surfactant protein–A2 (SFTPA2)

>端粒酶逆转录酶(TERT)

>端粒酶RNA组分(TERC)

> Hermansky-Pudlak综合症(HPS)

靶向II型肺泡细胞损伤:Diphtheria毒素受体(DTR)在II型AEC启动子的控制下表达(表面活性剂蛋白-C)

Humanized mouse models in which human IPF fibroblasts are intravenously instilled into immunodeficient, non-obese, diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID/beige) mice

最广泛应用于肺纤维化的体内呼吸模型仍然存在单剂量博来霉素模型3.但该模型的临床翻译已受到挑战。新型低剂量重复博来霉素模型of lung fibrosis are therefore being developed.4.

The goal of the models is to mimic more closely the progression of the disease seen in the clinic while reducing the burden on the animals involved.

The in vivo requirements for lung fibrosis models will continue to grow as new drugs are developed in this area of unmet need. There will also be an increasing need to use in vivo models or transgenic animals optimized for specific disease phenotypes and biomarkers for both lung fibrosis and other conditions resembling the personalized medicine approach in the clinic.

在Covance提供体内和体外呼吸型号

结论

成功的体内疗效研究需要在赞助商之间综合工作,并在不同学科研究科学家,如病理学,制剂化学,生物分析和生物标志物科学家。

In some cases, the design of more robust and complex studies allows for the gathering of data on multiple, clinically relevant endpoints, and the use of less animals. Other diseases will require the use of animal models or transgenic animals optimized for specific phenotypes and biomarkers resembling the personalized medicine approach in the clinic.


参考来源

  1. Fregonese L, Eichler I.The future of the development of medicines in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis。BMC医学。2015;13(1):239。https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015-0480-7
  2. Moore B, Lawson WE, Oury TD, Sisson TH, Raghavendran K, Hogaboam CM.纤维化肺病的动物模型。美国呼吸细胞和分子生物学杂志。2013;49(2):167-79。https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3824038/
  3. Carrington R, Jordan S, Pitchford SC, Page CP.在IPF研究中使用动物模型。肺药和治疗方法。2018;51:73-8。https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29981850.
  4. Tashiro J,Rubio Ga,ulizper啊,威廉姆斯k,elliot sj,ninou i,Aidinis v,Tzouvelekis A,Glassberg MK。探索类似特发性肺纤维化的动物模型。医学的边疆。2017年;4:118。https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28804709.
  5. InternalCovance研究YQ93YT

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